Conquest Points

Conquest Points (CP) were the upper-level currency rewarded for participating in PvP encounters in the form of rated battlegrounds, ranked arena combat, Random Battlegrounds and Ashran. The lower-level PvP currency, gained from non-rated battlegrounds and general world PvP, was awarded in the form of Honor Points. These points did not carry from one PvP season to the next PvP season. Any remaining CP after season end was converted to its equivalent in honor points until the cap was reached, after which it was converted into money if necessary.

Cap
Your Conquest point cap was calculated each week depending on your best personal arena and rated battleground rating.

Your Conquest cap was displayed in the Rated pane of the PvP interface. It was also calculated through the official World of Warcraft Armory. To access it, you simply selected the 'PvP' option from the menu on the left hand side of your character's Armory profile. The calculator was found in the top right corner of the PvP page.

In addition to the basic cap, each player also had an Ashran bonus, allowing them to earn extra Conquest Points in addition to their normal cap through participating in the zone. Players were able to earn their entire Conquest cap from Ashran.

Source
Conquest points were earned from the following sources:
 * 180 for winning arenas of any size.
 * 400 for winning rated battlegrounds.
 * Up to 200 for losing rated battlegrounds, depending on how close the fight was.
 * 150 awarded for the first Bonus Battleground and Random Battleground won each day.
 * 75 conquest points for every Bonus Battleground and Random Battleground won after the first one.
 * 50 for completing the full set of PvP dailies on the Isle of Thunder for a given day.

Note that it was not possible to earn conquest points above your weekly cap.

Trivia

 * This particular point system name was folded over and used from the old PvE badge currency system, Emblem of Conquest, that originally dropped from the Ulduar raid.